American History Essay Example for Free

American History Essay The civil war, according to President Abraham Lincoln, was not really fought to end the prolonged existence of slavery in the United States. The American Civil War was fought to preserve the Union and safeguard the interest of the American people but not of the slaves. Lincoln, who was not an absolute abolitionist himself, believe that the slaves should be free gradually and not on a one time big time basis. But as the civil war became lengthy, Lincoln and his administration has made colossal changes to the original plan and had to issue an Emancipation Proclamation freeing the slaves in the Confederacy. This action was well thought of Lincoln. When the congress has passed the Second Confiscation Act on July 17, 1862, Lincoln was prompted to respond. The Second Confiscation Act entailed that all slaves of everyone in rebellion to the United States were declared free. The act from the congress was not only what impelled Lincoln to act but also the peoples’ growing aversion of slavery. Lincoln has read his drafted â€Å"Preliminary Proclamation† to Secretary of State William H. Seward and Secretary of Navy Gideon Welles. Both were overwhelmed and were unable to respond quickly. On July 22, Lincoln discussed the matter to his cabinet and has received a lot of mix reactions but majority of the cabinet approved of the proclamation. Yet, it was only a consultation. The cabinet reviewed the contexts on September 22 and Lincoln has composed the final Emancipation Proclamation on New Year’s Day of 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation pronounced that â€Å"all slaves within any states or on a designated part of a State whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, henceforward, and forever free†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Emancipation Proclamation guaranteed freedom only of those slaves in the states not in the jurisdiction of the Union. Lincoln’s Secretary of State William H. Seward has criticized the irony of the emancipation. Seward pointed out that the Union might have been sympathetic to slavery by freeing the slaves on the states uncontrolled by the Union but holding them in servitude in places possible to be freed by the government. Lincoln has known this but he did not want to irritate the slaveholders in the Union. Moreover, the Emancipation Proclamation would have not been easily released if it were not a war necessity. The Union saw its last resort on freeing the slave to increase its army and to antagonize the farms and the industries in the South. The proclamation was not sympathy to the slaves but a remedy to the unending war. Yet, the Emancipation Proclamation was one of the greatest victories of the Lincoln administration and of American democracy. It has also stressed that the war is not all about preserving the Union but also on the pressing need to abolish slavery. It was also the foundation of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, which forever end slavery in the United States. On the other hand, after the Emancipation Proclamation the war did not ended soon. Many critics of the Lincoln administration supposed that the proclamation has only worsened the situation. The Union was still deficient of soldiers. Lincoln was prompted to create solutions by issuing the Enrollment Act of Conscription on March 3, 1863, which agitated many Northerners. The Union at the early stage of the war has relied on volunteerism but fewer men wanted to enlist. The Conscription Act imposed military duty to every capable man of 20 to 45 years old. Yet those who can find a substitute or pay $300 could be exempted from the draft. This exemption has angered the poor. Leslie M. Harris (2003) reported that antiwar newspaper in New York began criticizing the draft law citing the government’s interference on local affairs on behalf of the â€Å"nigger war. †The most unruly response to the act happened in New York City when unruly mobs appeared on July 11, 1963 when the draft took effect. Even though New York politicians have been very supportive of the Emancipation Proclamation, New Yorkers were divided on their stance towards the proclamation. Likewise, the mob consisted mostly of the poor Irish and German immigrants who lived on New York’s slum area. Irish and German immigrants in New York were told to prepare for the emancipated slaves who will flee to the North and would seek job. The immigrants did not think it was necessary for them to fight and they also have bigotry towards the African-American because they were usually their competitors to lowest-paying jobs. Yet, the main problem arose when the mob started to create commotions on the city. The first targets of the mob include military and government building, which instituted the inequitable draft. But after a while, the mob targeted the black people. First, they assaulted a black vendor and a nine year-old boy before burning to ashes the Colored Orphan Asylum on Fifth Avenue between Forty-Third and Forty-Fourth Streets. Luckily, no child was hurt in the attack. However, the mob has continued to attack Black people and sometimes killing them. Harris (2003) further reported that the mob singled out men for special violence. William Jones, a black man was hanged and his body burned afterward. Some group white men were even cheering when they kill William Williams, a black sailor, shouting: vengeance on every nigger in New York. The mayhem which lasted five days forced hundreds of Blacks to leave the city. Yet, not every Irish were sympathetic to the mob. There were reported cases were Irishmen helped black men. Irish neighbors of Philip White, a black drugstore owner at the corner of Gold and Frankfurt Street, help drove the mob away because White has been a good neighbor and creditor. However, this interracial cooperation was very least as compared to the havoc against the black people. However, the Union Army stationed at the Potomac were able to pacify the rioters and restore order in the city however they remained encamped around the city for several weeks. The Emancipation Proclamation and the Draft Riots embodied the bearing of the people during the Civil War. Though, only was a war measure, the Emancipation Proclamation was a great demonstration of democracy. The Draft Riots proved that not every person has the heart to fight for the Union and not everyone was in favor of the Emancipation. However, though Washington Times wrote, â€Å"The nation is at this time in a state of Revolution, North, South, East, and West, those who believed in the restoration of the Union and the rule of law never gave up hope but fought for what they believe was right. The New York Draft Riots, the Civil War and all its casualties were the price paid by the United States in order to protect and defend the Constitution, its people and those unalienable rights that were bestowed to each citizen which are â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. † References Harris, L. M. (2003). In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863. Chicago: University of Chicago. Smith, A. I. , (2007). The American civil war. Macmillan: New York.

Description and Perception Essay -- essays research papers

A gesture of truth or deceit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the following paper I will be describing the small moment in time when the presidential candidate finishes his elaborate speech and waves his hand to the crowd at his campaign’s convention. I will be trying to insinuate a feeling of truth and prosperity in the candidate’s gestures and appearance. The second impression will introduce a mood of dictatorship and deceitfulness about the candidate from his same gestures and appearance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a feeling or truthfulness and prosperity in the presidential candidate’s gestures and appearance as he waves to the mass of people at the convention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pressure is building in the several hundred freedom loving Americans as their beloved party leader rallies the masses with his carefully prepared speech. His final words are a sweet sounding melody of authenticity and prosperity. The crowd erupts as the candidate waves firmly to them; the fingers on his hand outstretched supplement the confidence in his cause that he so boldly spoke of. His hand is waving to the whole crowd, seemingly covering everyone with an aura of certainty. The proud patriotic image of the waving American flag behind him compliments the rhythm of his gestures. He now raises his second hand in a feeling of complete and utter sureness that he is on the right path and that the voters in the upcoming months can rest assured that this is an infallible man. He is like the conductor of a dynamic symphony with instruments of cheering, smiling, and chanting. The waving filled me with the same confidence that many of this nation’s former lea ders had in leading our country to prosperity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I looked past the outstretched arms and onto the face of the political demigod and gazed upon his face. Never had I seen a more enduring smile in a presidential candidate, a steady and large smile, but at the same time not an overbearing smile that ensued a sense of counterfeit like in many past candidates. The same lips that produced such an unwavering smile could not possibly produce misleading lies. The huge round eyes with their eyelids very distinctly separated amongst all the bright lights was unequivocally the most definitive beacon of truth in his appearance. There was no twitching in his pupils, just a gaze as steady a... ...ed up to fool the public would have been futile with out the stare of his wide opened eyes upon the masses. His perfectly combed hair complements his flurry of movements and pours his sense of successful power upon everyone. The wrinkles on his face hidden by the layer of makeup used to make him more visually appealing to be the future president of this country. Every part of his physical appearance from his flaming eyes to his subtle lips and of his gesture of command from his waving hands exploits my naive nature into a trance of unquestionable concordance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The impression I was striving for in the first two descriptive paragraphs was for the reader to feel that the candidate’s character had truthfulness and prosperity. The second impression imposed on the reader was that the presidential candidate had dictatorship qualities and a deceitful nature. I wrote about the end of the candidate’s speech at the political convention because politics exists only because of the way people perceive things. There are many ways to perceive important political figures, but if everyone had the same perception on these people, then there would be no need for politics.

Subliminal Messaging

My first reaction to this assignment was if I actually believed in subliminal messages myself. I decided I didn’t but after I did further research, I was shocked. I watched you-tube videos and looked at pictures online of advertising. The biggest shock I found was in the Disney movies. After replaying certain scenes in movies I witnessed subliminal messaging first hand. Most of the messages were sexual references and I was actually quite disturbed by it. For example, in a scene of â€Å"The Little Mermaid†, as Arial was walking up to the podium with her husband to be the priest got an erection. You can clearly see it happening. I never noticed it before until I started doing research on subliminal messaging. I did further research on other Disney animated movies and I found that there were a lot more ‘sexual’ subliminal messages in the movies and advertising that you don’t notice unless you are actually paying attention. Which brings me to my next point, Dr. Brahrami states â€Å"If the brain is busy it can filter our subliminal things. The brains response to subliminal messages is not automatic and depends on how much attention the person is paying†. And that’s when I decided I completely agree. I think since I was actually paying attention and watching out for subliminal messages, I could see them. Most of the time when I’m watching movies I don’t see the sexual, demon or drug related messages companies are putting in their movies and advertising. Which leads me to my question, why would a company based on children put sexual things in a movie made for kids?! Well, then I started to think it was a coincidence to I did more research and found out there was a huge debate during this time when the Arial scene with the priest came out. What I found was that it was the priest’s knee. So for my conclusion of this paper, I think you interpret what you want to see. If your brain is actually searching for these messages, your brain will see what it wants to see.

A Study On Financial Performance Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3731 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Tags: Study Essay Did you like this example? Kennedy and Muller, has explained that The analysis and interpretation of financial statements are an attempt to determine the significance and meaning of financial statements data so that the forecast may be made of the prospects for future earnings, ability to pay interest and debt maturines (both current and long term) and profitability and sound dividend policy. T.S.Reddy and Y. Hari Prasad Reddy (2009), have stated that The statement disclosing status of investments is known as balance sheet and the statement showing the result is known as profit and loss account. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Study On Financial Performance Example For Free" essay for you Create order Peeler J. Patsula (2006), he define that a sound business analysis tells others a lot about good sense and understanding of the difficulties that a company will face. We have to make sure that people know exactly how we arrived to the final financial positions. We have to show the calculation but we have to avoid anything that is too mathematical. A business performance analysis indicates the further growth and the expansion. It gives a physiological advantage to the employees and also a planning advantage. I.M.Pandey (2007), had stated that the financial statements contain information about the financial consequences and sources and uses of financial resources, one should be able to say whether the financial condition of a firm is good or bad; whether it is improving or deteriorating. One can relate the financial variables given in financial statements in a meaningful way which will suggest the actions which one may have to initiate to improve the firms financial condition. Jae K.Shim Joel G.Siegel (1999), had explained that the financial statement of an enterprise present the raw data of its assets, liabilities and equities in the balance sheet and its revenue and expenses in the income statement. Without subjecting these to data analysis, many fallacious conclusions might be drawn concerning the financial condition of the enterprise. Financial statement analysis is undertaken by creditors, investors and other financial statement users in order to determine the credit worthiness and earning potential of an entity. Susan Ward (2008), emphasis that financial analysis using ratios between key values help investors cope with the massive amount of numbers in company financial statements. For example, they can compute the percentage of net profit a company is generating on the funds it has deployed. All other things remaining the same, a company that earns a higher percentage of profit compared to other companies is a better investment option. Jonas Elmerraji (2005), tries to say that ratios can be an invaluable tool for making an investment decision. Even so, many new investors would rather leave their decisions to fate than 17 try to deal with the intimidation of financial ratios. The truth is that ratios arent that intimidating, even if you dont have a degree in business or finance. Using ratios to make informed decisions about an investment makes a lot of sense, once you know how use them. Chidambaram Rameshkumar Dr. N. Anbumani (2006), he argue that Ratio Analysis enables the business owner/manager to spot trends in a business and to compare its performance 16 and condition with the average performance of similar businesses in the same industry. To do this compare your ratios with the average of businesses similar to yours and compare your own ratios for several successive years, watching especially for any unfavorable trends that may be starting. Ratio analysis may provide the all-important early warning indications that allow you to solve your business problems before your business is destroyed by them. M Y Khan P K Jain (2011), have explained that the financial statements provide a summarized view of the financial position and operations of a firm. Therefore, much can be learnt about a firm from a careful examination of its financial statements as invaluable documents / performance reports. The analysis of financial statements is, thus, an important aid to financial analysis. Elizabeth Duncan and Elliott (2004), had stated that the paper in the title of efficiency, customer service and financing performance among Australian financial institutions showed that all financial performance measures as interest margin, return on assets, and capital adequacy are positively correlated with customer service quality scores. Carlos Correia (2007), had explained that any analysis of the firm, whether by management, investors, or other interested parties, must include an examination of the compan ys financial data. The most obvious and readily available source of this information is the firms annual report. The financial statements shall, in conformity with generally accepted accounting practice, fairly present the state of the affairs of the company and the results of operations for the financial year. Greninger et al. (1996), identified and refined financial ratios using a Delphi study in the areas of liquidity, savings, asset allocation, inflation protection, tax burden, housing expenses and, insolvency. Based on the Delphi findings, they proposed a profile of financial well-being for the typical family and individual. Rachchh Minaxi A (2011), have suggested that the financial statement analysis involves analyzing the financial statements to extract information that can facilitate decision making. It is the process of evaluating the relationship between component parts of the financial statements to obtain a better understanding of an entitys position and performanc e. Salmi, T. and T. Martikainen (1994), in his A review of the theoretical and empirical basis of financial ratio analysis, has suggested that A systematic framework of financial statement analysis along with the observed separate research trends might be useful for furthering the development of research. If the research results in financial ratio analysis are to be useful for the decision makers, the results must be theoretically consistent and empirically generalizable. John J.Wild, K.R.Subramanyam Robert F.Halsey (2006), have said that the financial statement analysis is the application of analytical tools and techniques to general-purpose financial statements and related data to derive estimates and inferences useful in business analysis. Financial statement analysis reduces reliance on hunches, guesses, and intuition for business decisions. It decreases the uncertainty of business analysis. Introduction 2.1 Financial Analysis The term analysis is methodical classification of data given in the financial statements. Financial analysis is the process of identifying the financial strength and weakness of tiles Finn by property establishing relationship between the item of balance sheet profit loss account. Financial analysis can be undertaken by the firm or by outside parties, firms owner, creditors, investors and other. Actually the nature of analysis depends upon the parties. According to Finney and Miller Financial analysis consists in separating facts according to some definite plan, arranging them in groups according to certain circumstances, and then presenting them in a convenient and easily read and understandable form. According to John N. Myres Financial statement analysis is largely a study of relationship among the various financial factors in a business, as disclosed by a single set of statements and a study of the trends of these factors, as shown in a series of statements. 2.2 Financial Statement A financial statement is an organized collection of data according to logical and consistent accounting procedures. Its purpose is to convey an understanding of some financial aspects of a business firm. It may show a position at a moment of time as in the case of a balance sheet, or may reveal a series of activities over a given period of time, as in the case of an income statement. Thus, the term financial statement generally refers to the basis statements; Balance sheet Income statement Cash flow statement Statement of change in equity Notes, comprising of a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes 2.2.1 Balance sheet The balance sheet is also called the statement of financial position. This statement accounted for the assets which the company controls and the ways these assets are financed. The balance sheet is based on the accounting equation: Assets= Liabilities + Equity 2.2.2 Income statement An income statement is also known as the statement of earnings. This statement measures the financial performance of a firm and indicates the flow of sales, expenses and earnings for a given period. 2.2.3 Cash flow statement This statement reports on the cash receipt and cash paid that is the cash inflow and outflow separately for operating, investing and financing activities. Similarly, only actual cash inflows and outflows from cash items is reported in the statement. 2.2.4 Statement of change in equity This statement is useful as it reports the changes in equity during a company financial year. The statement gives a detail of the balance at the beginning and explained the changes that occurred during the year. 2.2.5 Notes Here information concerning the preparation and the specific accounting policies adopted in the financial statement are provided. Therefore it provides additional information which does not appear in the financial statement but is important for a fair presentation. 2.3 Users of financial statements Financial statements are used by a diverse group of parties, both inside and outside a business. Generally, these users are: Internal Users: are owners, managers, employees and other parties who are directly connected with a company. Owners and managers require financial statements to make important business decisions that affect its continued operations. Financial analysis are then performed on these statements to provide management with a more detailed understanding of the figures. These statements are also used as part of managements report to its stockholders, as it form part of its Annual Report. Employees also need these reports in making collective bargaining agreements (CBA) with the management, in the case of labor unions or for individuals in discussing their compensation, promotion and rankings. External Users: are potential investors, banks, government agencies and other parties who are outside the business but need financial information about the business f or a diverse number of reasons. Prospective investors make use of financial statements to assess the viability of investing in a business. Financial analysis are often used by investors and is prepared by professionals (Financial Analysts), thus providing them with the basis in making investment decisions. Financial institutions (banks and other lending companies) use them to decide whether to grant a company with fresh working capital or extend debt securities (such as a long-term bank loan or debentures) to finance expansion and other significant expenditures. Government entities (Tax Authorities) need financial statements to ascertain the propriety and accuracy of taxes and other duties declared and paid by a company. Media and the general public are also interested in financial statements for a variety of reasons 2.4 Purpose of financial analysis The purpose of analysis of financial statements depends upon the need of a person who analysis these statements. These needs may be:- To know the earning capacity or profitability. To know the solvency. To know the financial strength. To make comparative study with other firms. To know the capability of payment of interest dividend. To know the trend of business. 2.5 Significance or importance of financial analysis Significance for Managers;- Planning and Control are the two most important ingredients to a Successful Business. A Business Plan takes most of the guess work out of Business Strategy and Control through solid financial analysis. Financial Data provides a way to gauge where you are in your Strategic Plan, telling you where changes in your Plan are necessary. Because of this, Financial Data Analysis and Management are vitally important to running a successful business. Significance for Investors:- Investors are generally considered one of the primary users of financial statements. They use the financial statements to determine the current profitability of the firm and attempt to predict its future profitability. Their interest is in the future growth of a companys stock price and/or the likelihood of the company paying dividends to the owner. Significance for Creditors:- In the ongoing relationship between suppliers and a firms financial statement can play several roles consider the relationship between a firm and the suppliers to its loan capital. e.g a bank in the initial loan granting stage of the relationship, financial statement typically are an important items. Significance for regulatory agency:- The demand by these bodies can arise in diverse set of areas such as revenue raising e.g for income tax, sales tax, value added tax collection. Govt. intervention e.g determines whether to provide a govt. backed loan agreement to a financially distressed firm. Significance for Employees:- They are the part of the organization and feel that their effort contributed to the firm profit they would there for prefers to give bonuses and salary increase this also increase expenses of the firm. Significance for others parties:- The set of party that demand for financial analysis information of corporation is open ended. Diverse party such as academic, environmental protection organization, and other special interest lobbying groups approach cooperation for detail relating to their financial and other affairs. Significance for Government :- Various ministries and department have interest in the firms payments of taxes. Also sees the enactment of law for the industry and the provision of social service to the public. The govt. may also want to ensure that the firm complies with the law on for example wages payments and employees benefit. 2.6 Types of Financial Analysis Different types of financial statements analysis can be made on the basis of: According to the nature of the analyst and the material used by him. On this basis, the financial analysis can be external and internal analysis: External Analysis: It is made by those persons who are not connected with the enterprise. They do not have access to the enterprise. They do not have access to the detailed record of the company and have to depend mostly on published Statements. Such type of analysis is made by investors, credit agencies, governmental agencies and research scholars. Internal Analysis: The internal analysis is made by those persons who have access to the books of accounts. They are members of the organization. Analysis of financial statements or other financial data for managerial purpose is the internal type of analysis. The internal analyst can give more reliable result than the external analyst because every type of information is at his disposal. According to the objectives of the analysis. On this basis the analysis can be long-term and short-term analysis. Long-term Analysis: This analysis is made in order to study the long-term financial stability, solvency and liquidity as well as profitability and earning capacity of a business concern. The purpose of making such type of analysis is to know whether in the long-run the concern will be able to earn a minimum amount which will be sufficient to maintain a reasonable rate of return on the investment so as to provide the funds required for modernization, growth and development of the business and to meet its costs of capital. Short-term Analysis: This is made to determine the short-term solvency, stability and liquidity as well as earning capacity of the business. The purpose of this analysis is to know whether in the short run a business concern will have adequate funds of readily available to meet its short-term requirements and sufficient borrowing capacity to meet contingencies in the near future. This analys is is made with reference to items of current assets and current liabilities (working capital analysis). According to the modus operandi of the analysis. On this basis, the analysis may be horizontal analysis and vertical analysis. Horizontal (or Dynamic) Analysis: This analysis is made to review and analyze financial statements of a number of years and, therefore, based on financial data taken from several years. This is very useful for long-term trend analysis and planning. Comparative financial statement is an example of this type of analysis. Vertical (or Static) Analysis: This analysis is made to review and analyze the financial statements of one particular year only. Ratio analysis of the financial year relating to a particular accounting year is an example of this type of analysis. 2.7 Techniques (devices or methods) of financial analysis The following techniques can be used in connection with analysis and interpretation of financial statements: 2.7.1 Comparative financial statements The comparative financial statements are statements of the financial position at different periods of time. The elements of financial position are shown in a comparative form so as to give an idea of financial position at two or more periods. The statements of two or more periods are prepared to show absolute data of two or more years, increases or decreases in absolute data in value and in terms of percentages. The two comparative statements are: Comparative Balance Sheet: the comparative balance sheet analysis is the study of the trend of the same items, group of items and computed items in two or more balance sheets of the same business enterprise on different dates. Comparative Income Statement: the comparative income statement gives the results of the operations of a business. It gives an idea of the progress of a business over a period of time. 2.7.2 Trend percentage analysis Trend analysis is an important tool of horizontal financial analysis. This analysis enables to know the changes in the financial function and operating efficiency between the time period chosen. By studying the trends of each item we can know the direction of changes and based upon the direction of changes, the opinions can be formed. These trend ratios may be compared with industry in order to know the strong or weak points of a concern. 2.7.3 Common size statement Common size financial statements are those in which figures reported are converted to some common base. Vertical analysis is required for an interpretation of underlying causes of changes over a period of time. For this, items in the financial statements are presented as percentages or ratios to total of the items and a common base for comparison is provided. Common size statements may be used for Common Size Balance Sheet: a statement in which balance sheet items are expressed as the ratio of each asset to total assets and the ratio of each liability is expressed as a ratio of total liabilities. Common Size Income Statement: the items in income statement can be shown as percentages of sales to show the relation of each item to sales. A significant relationship can be established. 2.7.4 Funds Flow Statement (or Analysis) This statement is prepared in order to reveal clearly the various sources where from the funds are procured to finance the activities of a business concern during the accounting period and also brings to highlight the uses to which these funds are put during the said period. 2.7.5 Cash Flow Statement (or Analysis) This statement is prepared to know clearly the various items of inflow and outflow of cash. It is an essential tool for short-term financial analysis and is very helpful in the evaluation of current liquidity of a business concern. It helps the business executives of a business in the efficient cash management and internal financial management. 2.7.6 Statement of Changes in Working Capital (Net Working Capital Analysis) This statement is prepared to know the net change in working capital of the business between two specified dates. It is prepared from current assets and current liabilities of the said dates to show the net increase or decrease in working capital. 2.7.7 Ratio Analysis It is done to develop meaningful relationship between individual items or group of items usually shown in the periodical financial statements published by the concern. An accounting ratio shows the relationship between the two inter-related accounting figures as gross profit to sales, current assets to current liabilities, loaned capital to owned capital etc. Ratios should not be calculated between the two unrelated figures as it will not serve any useful purpose. According to K. Shastry (1995), a powerful tool for assessments and evaluation of business enterprises is Financial Ratio Analysis. He defines financial ratio analysis as the systematic presentation of ratios, both from the internal and external financial reports, so as to summarize key relationships and results in order to appraise financial performance of the company. 2.7.8 Du Pont Analysis ROI indicates the efficiency of the concern which depends upon the working operations of the concern. Net Profit Ratio and Capital Turnover Ratio, as often called is usually computed on the basis of the chart represented by DU Pont. Thus it is known as DU Pont Chart. This system of control was applied for the first time by DU Pont Company of the United States of America. The DU Pont chart helps to the management to identify the areas of problems for the variations in the return on investment so that actions may initiated to improve the performance. The following chart can explain the ROI effect by a number of factors. Limitation of Financial Analysis Though analysis of financial statement is essential to obtain relevant information for making several decisions and formulating corporate plans and policies, it should be carefully performed as it suffers from a number of the following limitations: Mislead the users:- The accuracy of financial information largely depends on how accurately financial statements are prepared. If their preparation is wrong, the information obtained from their analysis will also be wrong which may mislead the user in making decisions. Not useful for planning:- Since financial statements are prepared by using historical financial data, therefore, the information derived from such statements may not be effective in corporate planning, if the previous situation does not prevail. Qualitative aspects:- Then financial statement analysis provides only quantitative information about the companys financial affairs. However, it fails to provide qualitative information such as management labor relation, customers satisfaction, and management skills and so on which are also equally important for decision making. Comparison not possible:- The financial statements are based on historical data. Therefore comparative analysis of financial statements of different years cannot be done as inflation distorts the view presented by the statements of different years. Wrong judgement:- The skills used in the analysis without adequate knowledge of the subject matter may lead to negative direction. Similarly, biased attitude of the analyst may also lead to wrong judgement and conclusion. Not helpful in price fixation:- In financial accounting the cost is not available as an aid in determining prices of the product services production order and product line. Not control on cost:- It does not provide for a proper control of materials and suppliers, wages. Labors and overheads. No analysis of losses:- It does not provided the complete analysis of losses due to defective material, idle time, plant and equipment. In other words no distinction is made between avoidable and unavoidable wastage.

The Battle Of The Cold War - 2612 Words

No event in history has caused more debate among academics than that of the origins of the Cold War. The Cold War was a result of the United States and the Soviets unable to accept the others ideological vision for their country and how it would benefit the world. This war was security based and ideology fixated on proving why each side was right. What came from this was a clash of competing historiographical views of an orthodox and revisionist approach. Orthodox views, including that of John Gaddis, hold the Soviet Union responsible due Stalin’s want to expand communism/ Soviet influence. By violating the Yalta agreement, the United States had no choice but to take this violation as an attack that threaten the West and would do anything necessary to contain Stalin. Disagreeing with Orthodox views has led to Revisionists including Walter LaFeber, to contend that it was actually the United States through their policies and want of economic hegemony that led to the breakdown of the USSR/USA alliance and therefore contributed to the start of the Cold War. What Orthodox and Revisionist interpretations highlight is that there are two sides to every story and it is impossible to discredit one without discrediting the other. Evidence proves that while both the United States and the Soviet Union are to blame for the start of the Cold War and therefore the theory that best fits the available evidence comes from the Revisionist interpretation. A week before President Roosevelt diedShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The Cold War955 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II between the United States and the Soviet Union came a time period full of mistrust and deceit. By the end of the Second World War, the United States and the Soviet Union became increasingly suspicious of one another, and their relations resulted in being unstable. This evident yet rising political and military tension between the two world powers has come to be known as the Cold War. Both the Yalta Conference, which saw a rise in disagreements between the two, and the Korean War, theRead MoreThe Battle Of The Cold War1450 Words   |  6 PagesThe battle in ideologies between communism and capitalism lead to one of the greatest conflicts of the twentieth century. The concept that freedom and democracy would not survive under communist rule triggered a battle that could endure for decades. American media significantly impacted the attitudes of Americans, creating a hatred of communism to spread throughout the nation. The political relations in Europe, during and directly after World War II, played a large part in laying the foundationRead MoreThe Battle Of The Cold War1526 Words   |  7 Pagescoattails of the unresolved issues between them, a battle-less conflict began as a result of a strictly civil alliance turning sour with the defeat of a common enemy. In the aftermath of World War II, great powers from the West and the East were thrown into a state of military and political tension. These opposing nations strived to ruin each other through increasingly obvious competition in STEM that could improve the human condition. Not only did the Cold War involve competition in the advancement ofRead MoreThe Battle Of The Cold War1493 Words   |  6 Pages A popular military aphorism stated by Earnest Hemmingway was, â€Å"Once we have a war there is only one thing to do. It must be won. For defeat brings worse things than any that can ever happen in war.† With the ongoing troubles of the Cold War and rising tension along the 38th Parallel that split the once nation of Korea in two, this statement will become imminent. Through basic principles of leadership exhibited by General Douglass MacArthur to take a chance at a dynamic or what some may leanRead MoreThe Battle Of The Cold War742 Words   |  3 PagesDear John, It wasn t my fault, it was too late for him and there was nothing anyone could do to help him. It happened in the early hours of the morning, the sun slowly stretching and awakening from its own peaceful slumber but couldn t get its bright rays past the army of clouds that stood guard over the land. Our broken bodies leaning against the trench wall, our soggy backs slowly sinking into the disgusting, dark and dingy mud. 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In fact, the State as the dominant actor in warfare should be understood as the exception, rather than the norm. Even though the State has not been the dominant actor in warfare, there were certainly multiple attempts by the State to control, or have

The Use of Immorality in Order to Achieve Popular Rule Essay

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout The Prince and The Discourses of Livy, Niccolo Machiavelli demonstrates multiple theories and advocacies as to why popular rule is important to the success of a state. Popular rule is a term that will be used to define an indirect way to govern the people of a state. In order to rule the masses, a leader must please the people or revolts will occur, causing mayhem and a lack of stability in oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s state. During both written works, Machiavelli stresses the importance of obedience and order needed for a state, and especially for a leader to be successful. Machiavelli thoroughly states that anything and everything must be done to keep the peace of the masses, even if acts of immorality are used.†¦show more content†¦In the bigger picture, it is more moral to prevent disorder to a community and keep it obedient and prosperous than to let it fall to disorder and tyranny. Therefore, the acts of immorality that a ruler does to acc omplish this are justifiable means to the more important end of securing power to maintain order. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Machiavelli is a supporter of popular rule, though in an indirect way. Rulers must please their constituents but not give them power. For if the people feel they have power they will rebel against their leader and cause chaos in the state. On page 96 Machiavelli states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“it is the populace who are responsible for innumerable conflicts and clashes in a republic.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Because it is difficult to satisfy the majority without upsetting the minority, people become enraged and protest, causing what the government would consider to be conflicts. That is why it is so important to create a strong government that revolves around a magistrate or council, for people fear being publicly accused of faults, let alone as a threat to public liberty. 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A wide variety of characters and settings began to be used like â€Å"a man on an island, a servant-girl under siege, or a solitary eccentric oddly recapturing his prenatal past† (Longman 3067) Another characteristic of the novel is the use of ordinary names for people instead of symbolic names. For years writers gave characters names that made references to mythology or contained some type of description of the person. Keeping with the idea of representing real life, novelists brokeRead MoreMacbeth9435 Words   |  38 Pages------------------------------------------------- Macbeth From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about Shakespeare s play. For other uses, see  Macbeth (disambiguation). A poster for a  c.  1884 American production ofMacbeth, starring Thomas W. Keene. Depicted, counter clockwise from top-left, are: Macbeth and Banquo meet the  witches; just after the murder ofDuncan; Banquo s ghost; Macbeth duels Macduff; and Macbeth. 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Account and Auditing International Telecommunication

Question: Describe about the Account and Auditing for International Telecommunication. Answer: 1. A business is synonymous to several risks and inherent risk is a risk that exists because of the existence of a business. In simple words, such risks will be present in a business, no matter what type of a business it is. Furthermore, these are not detectable even after employing proper audit procedures and other control programs. Such risks are diminishable to a very few extent and not on a large scale. OneTel Ltd, an international telecommunication company, provides a broad variety of integrated goods and services all over the globe. The company highly relies on effective technology and innovation to provide services to its customers. Initially, the company was a leader player throughout Australia but as and when other network providers joined the industry, competition grew on a very large scale. Hence, when such smaller companies joined the industry, communication services and call prices became cheaper. In other words, competitive prices started ruling the telecommunication industry and more amount of competition resulted into more competitive prices and telephony services in the industry. Besides, such competition also resulted in the decline of market shares of OneTel Ltd (Gaylord, 2001). The factors that would have resulted in the assessment of inherent risks in financial reporting are: As per the companys financial statements, the shares were issuable in the open market. This is evident from the case when the shares rose from $355.6 million in 1999 to $1225.6 in the year 2000. In relation to the same, it is observable that inherent risks will prevail especially when heavy investments and transactions are associated. Although the system of dematerialization has facilitated in simplifying the control processes, still it fails to diminish inherent risks because of huge transactions and the complexities associated to money receipt, share allotment, and complete share issue system. Therefore, the process necessitates an enhanced assessment of inherent risk (Jones Hensher, 2007). As per the cash flow statement of the company, it is evident that a license transaction procured by the company in the year 2000. Furthermore, capitalization, license acquiring, amortization, and maintenance of these are a very huge procedure. In other words, an enhanced financial planning and assessment is highly needed. This also facilitates a necessity of higher assessment of inherent risk. Valuation of intangibles and their expenses are examples of some computations that require intercession of management. However, since these transactions are prone to frauds and errors, measures of risk mitigation and due care is highly needed. Therefore, as per the financial statements, the company acquires several advances and loans and as these are prone to frauds and errors, proper assessment of inherent risk becomes crucial. The company has also taken borrowings that necessitate the process of inherent risk assessment. Abnormal items in financial statements necessitate assessment of inherent risks in place so that mitigation can minimize their impacts. The company possesses heavy accumulated losses both at consolidated financial statement and entity stages. The maintenance and calculation of these losses is very complex that necessitate management intercession. An enhancement in the value of the companys fixed assets is also evident, that signifies more purchase of fixed assets only by the management. In other words, discretion of management is evident operates in such a case. Hence, this highly requires proper assessment of inherent risk in place. Furthermore, strategic risks are vital to a business functioning and require care and attention regularly. Due to inappropriate decision-making or failure to implement relevant plans, such risks arise. Planning risks like share issue, acquiring of license, and shares are identifiable at the level of strategic risk evaluation. Risks from the higher level are re-assessable in the subordinate stages in the viewpoint of control risks and inherent risks. 2. As inherent risk is all about judgements, the judgement of individuals is highly relatable with the measure of risk. Control and detection risks are surpassable but what remains is that the judgement and managements far-sightedness is very necessary for inherent risks. Such risks will prevail in the system irrespective of the strategy of risk management. However, the effects of inherent risks are highly reliable on several factors that are: The most significant factor that plays a role towards increase in inherent risks is the presence of a huge network of different companies. In other words, the presence of such huge company network comprising of associates, subsidiaries, partnerships, joint ventures, holdings etc highly contribute towards an enhancement in inherent risks (Makela Makela, 2009). Besides, the chances of risks are higher given such huge network of companies. As and when complexity within the management increases, abilities of the management to prevent inherent risks within the company also decrease. Non-routine activities, abnormal items, and transactions play a key role in adding towards an enhancement in inherent risks. Abnormal activities or items necessitate adjustments and speculative activities that summons inherent risks. Furthermore, due to the managements subjectivity, any kind of transaction that requires ideas and forecasts are exposable to inherent risks (Mak et. al, 2005). In other words, measurement and management of events and transactions in the company necessitate ideas and estimates that cannot always hold beneficial for the company. Another factor that facilitates towards an enhancement in inherent risk is related party transactions. This is due to the managements subjectivity towards a transaction. Probable violations of debt covenants also play a role towards inherent risk enhancement. In the given case of OneTel, heavy loans are taken by the company and all come with debt covenants. Contravention of a companys debt covenant can also result in consequential outcomes. Repayment of such loans together with their interest is not an easy task and a significant risk of the managements countermand always exists. If the management exaggerates in its activity, the risk can never be discoverable or detectable. Therefore, more strong is the audit team within a company, the fragile are the risks. Moreover, the insufficiency of audit team also plays a major role towards such inherent risks in business. If an audit team is highly incompetent, then this factor also contributes towards inherent risks (Roach, 2010). Therefore , expertise, knowledge, and professionalism of audit personnel are a further requirement that detects and mitigates risks. 3. A business starts with a motive that it will assist in attaining huge revenues and will continue for an indefinite time. Therefore, any business activity that can upset this motive requires sudden action against it. The most relevant assumption of accounting is that a business must operate for an indefinite period and that too, in the most effective way. Besides, any type of event, decision, and transaction that can destroy such assumption is highly necessary to create highlight. Even the investors and other stakeholders of a company expect the business to earn consistent revenues and operate for an infinite time (Messier Emby, 2005). Any petty activity that can hamper the above-mentioned needs must be given due consideration because this relies on the expectation of not only the management but also the stakeholders of the company. It is crucial for the auditors and directors of the company to scrutinize these impacts through evaluation of going concern assumption. Sudden or unspecific financial crisis is far beyond any control but the prevalence of controlled measures is effective to prevent such a situation (Gay Simnet, 2015). The factors that can hamper the assumption of going concern are failure to repay major debts, loss or withdrawal of KPI (Key managerial personnel) without replacement, signs of removal of credit assistance, inability to fulfill covenants of creditors, incapability to encounter competition, regular destruction of the companys assets resulting into losses etc. All of these factors can result into potential erosion of the companys finance, and its goodwill, thereby affecting the assumption o f going concern within the company. In order to get rid of such a circumstance, it is the managements duty to provide a keen interest towards the company so that frauds and errors are detectable. Some of the factors are obviously under the control of the management in such a situation but there are also factors that are far beyond the reach of the management (Livne, 2015). Immediate variations in inclinations, introduction of new goods into the market resulting into the companys failure to survive effectively, natural calamities beyond human control, immediate failure, or destruction in market etc are few situations that play a key role in affecting the assumption of going concern of a company. However, it is notable that such a company does not have any potential control over these factors (Kedia Philippon, 2006). Hence, there needs to be a framework that can depict to the management the seriousness of the situation and how rapidly it needs to be resolved. Therefore, an effective sign of medium, high, and low are very supportive to judge whether the situation is perfectly manageable by the management or not. These signs also help in judging whether the circumstances are grave or non-grave in nature so that the management can take a rapid action. Such strategies are also employable by most of the companies worldwide because it assists in understanding the aggregate situation of the organization (Parker et. al, 2011). References Gay, G Simnet, R 2015, Auditing and Assurance Services, McGraw Hill Gaylord, B 2001, Liquidation of One.Tel of Australia Is Outlined, viewed 24 September 2016 https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/06/business/liquidation-of-onetel-of-australia-is-outlined.html?_r=0 Jones, S. Hensher, D. 2007, Modelling Corporate Failure: A Multinomial Nested Logit Analysis for Unordered Outcomes, The British Accounting Review, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 89-107. Kedia, S. Philippon, T. 2006, The Economics of Fraudulent Accounting, Rutgers University, USA. Livne, G 2015, Threats to Auditor Independence and Possible Remedies, viewed 24 September 2016, https://www.financepractitioner.com/auditing-best-practice/threats-to-auditor-independence-and-possible-remedies?full. Mak, T., Deo, H. Cooper, K. 2005, Australias Major Corporate Collapse: Health International Holdings (HIH) Insurance May the Force Be with You, Journal of American Academy of Business, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 104-12. Makela, H Nasi, S 2009, Social Responsibilities of MNCs in Downsizing Operations: A Finnish Forest Sector Case Analysed from the Stakeholder, Social Contract and Legitimacy Theory Point of View, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 149-74. Messier, W Emby, C 2005, Auditing Assurance Services: A systematic approach, McGraw-Hill. Parker, L, Guthrie, J Linacre, S 2011, The relationship between academic accounting research and professional practice, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 5-14. Roach, L 2010, Auditor Liability: Liability Limitation Agreements, Pearson.